Access of a Membrane Protein to Secretory Granules Is Facilitated by Phosphorylation

Abstract

Peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM), an integral membrane protein essential for the biosynthesis of amidated peptides, was used to assess the role of cytosolic acidic clusters in trafficking to regulated secretory granules. Casein kinase II phosphorylates Ser949 and Thr946 of PAM, generating a short, cytosolic acidic cluster. P-CIP2, a protein kinase identified by its ability to interact with several juxtamembrane determinants in the PAM cytosolic domain, also phosphorylates Ser949. Antibody specific for phospho-Ser949-PAM-CD demonstrates that a small fraction of the PAM-1 localized to the perinuclear region bears this modification. Pituitary cell lines expressing PAM-1 mutants that mimic (TS/DD) or prevent (TS/AA) phosphorylation at these sites were studied. PAM-1 TS/AA yields a lumenal monooxygenase domain that enters secretory granules inefficiently and is rapidly degraded. In contrast, PAM-1 TS/DD is routed to regulated secretory granules more efficiently than wild-type PAM-1 and monooxygenase release is more responsive to secretagogue. Furthermore, this acidic cluster affects exit of internalized PAM-antibody complexes from late endosomes; internalized PAM-1 TS/DD accumulates in a late endocytic compartment instead of the trans-Golgi network. The increased ability of solubilized PAM-1 TS/DD to aggregate at neutral pH may play an important role in its altered trafficking.