The Aging of Cells: Cellular Senescence and Implications for Age-Related Diseases

Abstract

Cellular senescence, the aging of cells, is a multifaceted process characterized by the progressive accumulation of molecular and cellular changes. Senescent cells, marked by their proinflammatory secretome called the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), contribute to tissue dysfunction and promote aging processes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of cellular senescence, with a particular focus on the underlying mechanisms driving cell aging and the strategies of targeting senescent cells to extend healthspan and alleviate age-related diseases. We discuss how factors such as telomere shortening, DNA damage, oxidative stress, and oncogene activation contribute to cellular aging and the development of age-related diseases. Furthermore, we explore the potential senotherapeutic interventions, including senolytic and senomorphic therapies, that target senescent cells. Lastly, we highlight the opportunities and challenges of senotherapeutics in the context of aging and aging-associated diseases, underscoring their potential implications for human health and longevity.