Geriatric nutritional risk index predicts all-cause deaths in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

Abstract

Aims: The objective of the study was to evaluate whether the geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) at discharge may be helpful in predicting the long-term prognosis of patients hospitalized with heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF, left ventricular ejection fraction ≥50%), a common HF phenotype in the elderly. Methods and results: Overall, 110 elderly HFpEF patients (≥65 years) from the Ibaraki Cardiovascular Assessment Study-HF (n = 838) were enrolled. The mean age was 78.5 ± 7.2 years, and male patients accounted for 53.6% (n = 59). All-cause mortality was compared between the low GNRI (<92) with moderate or severe nutritional risk group and the high GNRI (≥92) with no or low nutritional risk group. Cox proportional hazard regression models were constructed to evaluate the influence of the GNRI on all-cause death with the following covariates using forward stepwise selection: age, sex, nutritional status based on the GNRI as a categorical variable, history of HF hospitalization, haemoglobin level, estimated glomerular filtration rate, log brain natriuretic peptide levels (logBNP), history of hypertension, log C-reactive protein levels, left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular mass index, and the New York Heart Association functional classification (I/II or III class). The prognostic value of the GNRI was compared with that of serum albumin using C-statistics. The GNRI was added to the logBNP, serum albumin or the body mass index was added to the logBNP, and the C-statistic was compared using DeLong's test. Cox regression analysis revealed that age and a low GNRI were independent predictors of all-cause death (P < 0.05, n = 103; hazard ratio = 1.095, 95% confidence interval = 1.031–1.163, for age, and hazard ratio = 3.075, 95% confidence interval = 1.244–7.600, for the GNRI). DeLong's test for the two correlated receiver operating characteristic curves [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of serum albumin, 0.71; AUROC of the GNRI, 0.75] demonstrated significant differences between the groups (P = 0.038). Adding the GNRI to the logBNP increased the AUROC for all-cause death significantly (0.71 and 0.80, respectively; P = 0.040, n = 105). The addition of serum albumin or the body mass index to the logBNP did not significantly increase the AUROC for all-cause death (P = 0.082 and P = 0.29, respectively). Conclusions: Nutritional screening using the GNRI at discharge is helpful to predict the long-term prognosis of elderly HFpEF patients.