Air transport: Fixed-wing and helicopter

Abstract

Without mobile support, it might be impossible to transport patients needing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Aeromedical transport is used to transfer critically ill patients over large distances or in areas with inadequate road networks and geographical and infrastructural barriers. This form of aerial transport grew out of basic military models into highly sophisticated and integrated civilian systems of care. The principal advantage of air transport is the shorter journey and the ability to operate from a range of surfaces. Moreover, helipads are more diffuse than airports. Principles for avoiding critical events during transport are based on extensive anticipation, effective communication, and patient assessment/stabilization. During helicopter transport, there are some critical points to consider: patient movement to and from the transport vehicle, effects of altitude on membrane gas exchanges, and recognition and management of in-transport emergencies. Patient and staff safety are the key concept in organizing an ECMO transport program.