Long-run inequality in communist countries: Before, during and after

Abstract

This chapter provides comprehensive evidence on the long-run evolution of inequality in former communist countries in comparative perspective. We document a marked U-shaped evolution of income inequality since the beginning of the twentieth century until today. We analyse these trends for three periods, before, during and after communism, and make comparison with non-communist countries. A broad synchronisation of inequality in communist and non-communist countries presents a compelling argument against the "natural" decline of inequality during the development process. Rather, it points to the critical role of policies and institutions in shaping inequality in the long run.