Distinct sites regulating grayanotoxin binding and unbinding to D4S6 of NaV1.4 sodium channel as revealed by improved estimation of toxin sensitivity

Abstract

Grayanotoxin (GTX) exerts selective effects on voltage-dependent sodium channels by eliminating fast sodium inactivation and causing a hyperpolarizing shift in voltage dependence of channel activation. In this study, we adopted a newly developed protocol that provides independent estimates of the binding and unbinding rate constants of GTX (kon and koff) to GTX sites on the sodium channel protein, important in the molecular analysis of channel modification. Novel GTX sites were determined in D2S6 (Asn-784) and D3S6 (Ser-1276) by means of site-directed mutagenesis; the results suggested that the GTX receptor consists of the S6 transmembrane segments of four homologous domains facing the ion-conducting pore. We systematically introduced at two sites in D4S6 (Nav1.4-Phe-1579 and Nav1.4-Tyr-1586) amino acid substituents with residues containing hydrophobic, aromatic, charged, or polar groups. Generally, substitutions at Phe-1579 increased both kon and koff, resulting in no prominent change in dissociation constant (Kd). It seems that the smaller the molecular size of the residue at Nav1.4-Phe-1579, the larger the rates of kon and koff, indicating that this site acts as a gate regulating access of toxin molecules to a receptor site. Substitutions at Tyr-1586 selectively increased koff but had virtually no effect on kon, thus causing a drastic increase in Kd. At position Tyr-1586, a hydrophobic or aromatic amino acid side chain was required to maintain normal sensitivity to GTX. These results suggest that the residue at position Tyr-1586 has a more critical role in mediating GTX binding than the one at position Phe-1579. Here, we propose that the affinity of GTX to Nav1.4 sodium channels might be regulated by two residues (Phe and Tyr) at positions Phe-1579 and Tyr-1586, which, respectively, control access and binding of GTX to its receptor.