Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase rescues human T lymphocytes from methylmercury-induced apoptosis

Abstract

The objective of this investigation was to determine the role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in methylmercuric chloride (MeHgCl)- induced T-cell apoptosis. Following exposure of human T-cells to 2.5 μM MeHgCl, we observed PARP activation within 45 min. Maximal activation was observed at 90 min after MeHgCI treatment; thereafter, PARP activity declined. The loss in enzyme activity was coincidental with the cleavage of 116-kDa intact PARP protein to an 85-kDa fragment. To address the relationship between PARP activation and induction of apoptosis, we first examined the redox status of T cells treated with MeHgCI. We found that exposure of T cells to low concentrations of this toxicant resulted in decreased levels of reduced pyridine nucleotides and an increase in the relative amounts of oxidized flavoproteins. Thus, the possibility exists that activation of PARP leads to NAD+ depletion and thereby alters mitochondrial redox status. To determine if PARP activation is indeed part of the proapoptotic (destructive) response or a component of the antiapoptotic (protective) response, we employed two inhibitors: 3-aminobenzamide and nicotinamide. Pretreatment of T cells with these inhibitors protected cells from MeHgCI-induced apoptosis; this was seen as a reduction in the uptake of Hoechst 33258 and DNA fragmentation. Moreover, these inhibitors blocked MeHgCl-induced oxidative stress as evidenced by a reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. These agents, however, failed to block MeHgCl-dependent decline in mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψ(m)). We conclude that PARP activation leads to proapoptotic events that contribute to MeHgCl-induced cell death.