Quantum yield optimization of carbon dots using response surface methodology and its application as control of Fe3+ion levels in drinking water

Abstract

Early detection of heavy metals in drinking water is a fundamental step that must be taken to prevent adverse effects on health. This research aims to develop a heavy metal ion detector by utilizing the fluorescence properties of carbon dots. Cdots were synthesized using the microwave irradiation method based on the central composite design: urea mass 0.31-3.68 gr; reactor power 200-1000 W; synthesis time is 13-46 min, and the response is quantum yield. Material characterization includes PL, TEM, UV-VIS, XRD, and FTIR. The selectivity and sensitivity of Cdots as detectors were tested for Ag+, Bi3+, Ni2+, Al3+, Co2+, Pb2+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Zr4+, and Hg2+ ions at concentrations of 0-10 µM. The results showed that Cdots were successfully synthesized by fluorescent light green at 544 nm. An adequate response model is quadratic with the formulation QY = +58.36 + 10.41X1 + 14.06X2 +13.59X3-5.57X2X3-4.89X12-8.60X22-5.40X32. The best Cdots were obtained in the formulation of R9 (3 g, 800 W, 40 min), which resulted in a QY of 74.39%. The characteristics of Cdots are spherical, diameter 6.6 nm, the bandgap of 2.53 eV, and having an amorphous structure. The surface of Cdots contains various functional groups such as O-H, C-H, C=O, C-N, and C=C. In the heavy metal detection test, Cdots showed specific sensitivity to Fe3+ ions. The addition of Fe3+ concentration and the extinction of Cdots fluorescence intensity formed a linear correlation F0/F = 0.08894[Fe3+]+0.99391 (R2 = 0.99276). The detection ability of Cdots for Fe3+ ions reaches a concentration of 0.016 ppm, much lower than the regulatory threshold limit of SNI, WHO, and IBWA. The detection of Fe3+ ions in drinking water uses a fluorescence technique consistent with the SSA and ICP-OES. Based on these results, the fluorescence technique using Cdots can be an instrument for quality control of the final drinking water product.