Measurement of Inflammation-Related Biomarkers in Different Chronic Kidney Diseases in Humans: Role of Aging and Gender?

Abstract

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide health problem that can be associated with a considerable degree of inflammation. The inflammation can result from different mechanisms in different kidney diseases including the imbalance of proinflammatory/anti-inflammatory biomarkers levels. This study aimed to determine the level of physiological bioactive inflammation-related biomarkers (gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), and clusterin (CLU)) in different chronic kidney diseases (CKDs) and to investigate whether gender or aging is critical in these measurements. Materials And Methods: 84 individuals (19 healthy, 29 chronic glomerulonephritis, 26 diabetic nephropathies, 6 benign nephroscleroses, 4 lupus nephritis) were enrolled in this study. The inflammation progression degree in CKD was estimated by measuring the plasma level of NGAL, MCP1, and CLU using ELISA. Serum total protein, urea, and creatinine were measured using an automatic analyzer. Results: The plasma level of urea and creatinine was increased while total protein level was decreased in all the patients compared to control participants. The level of NGAL, MCP1, and CLU was significantly increased in all the kidney diseases compared to controls. In addition, there were no differences in the level of inflammationrelated markers between women and men. Moreover, the levels of inflammatory markers were increased in the kidney diseases regardless of the age difference. Conclusions: This study showed that the physiological bioactive substances NGAL, MCP1, and CLU can be increased in renal pathologies and considered as good indicators of the progression of inflammation in CKDs, with no role of gender and age in their increment plasma levels.