Stressful summers? Torpor expression differs between high- and low-latitude populations of bats

Abstract

Variation in weather and food availability impacts the energy budgets of endotherms, with some species using torpor as an energy-saving strategy during periods of negative energy balance. We evaluated how latitudinal differences in energy balance relate to variation in torpor expression and roosting sociality between populations. We monitored summer skin temperatures (T sk) of individuals from 2 populations of New Zealand lesser short-tailed bats (Mystacina tuberculata) separated by 6° of latitude using temperature telemetry. Although mean summer T a was only < 1°C lower for the higher-latitude than lower-latitude population, individuals living at the higher-latitude site used torpor on 36% of observation days compared to 11% for lower-latitude bats. None of the recorded weather variables affected the propensity to enter torpor or torpor bout duration; however, the minimum torpid T sk of bats positively correlated with daily minimum T a. Roosts occupied by solitary bats were warmer than T a, and temperatures within them fluctuated less than T a. Higher-latitude individuals roosted solitarily (38%) more frequently than lower-latitude individuals (17%) and individuals from both populations exclusively used torpor while roosting solitarily. Arousals from torpor by higher-latitude bats coincided with sunset and not daily T a maxima suggesting that bats were not fully exploiting advantages of passive rewarming. Site-specific roost choice and torpor patterns were apparent between M. tuberculata populations during summer, demonstrating that small differences in T a differentially affect energetic strategy. The thermoregulatory behavior of species inhabiting latitudinal gradients in climate is highly plastic, likely to meet the specific challenges of their environment.