Carrier–Envelope Phase Stabilization of Single and Multiple Femtosecond Lasers

Abstract

The basic concepts, technical implementation, and known limitations of actively stabilizing the carrier envelope phase of a few-cycle pulse train are discussed. The route toward determining the absolute carrier envelope phase, thereby enabling electronic waveform synthesis at optical frequencies, is reviewed. Lastly, techniques and applications of stabilizing the relative carrier–envelope phase between two (or more) femtosecond lasers are also covered.