Semi-intensive Pre-European Cultivation and the Origins of Anthropogenic Dark Earths in Amazonia

Abstract

Anthropogenic dark earths of pre-European origin are widespread in Amazonia, both along river bluffs and in the upland interfluves between rivers. Although there are gradations in color and characteristics, the two main forms are terra preta proper, which is black, and terra mulata, which is dark brown. The former is clearly the result of the accumulation of household waste (midden). The latter, which is of primary concern here, apparently was produced by semi-permanent cultivation involving the application of ash from in-field burning and from organic amendments. How this could have taken place is examined, based in part on current practices.