Evolution of Clinical Pharmacy in the USA and Future Directions for Patient Care

Abstract

This paper describes key events in pharmaceutical education, training, practice, and research that have occurred over the past 55 years. Some of these events included the development of the doctor of pharmacy degree, residency training, and co-location of clinical pharmacists in patient care areas. These changes not only necessitated more specialized training but then led to board certification to ensure quality patient care. Specific examples of the research that have supported the involvement of clinical pharmacists in direct patient care will be discussed.