Anticancer activity of lichen metabolites and their mechanisms at the molecular level

Abstract

As a result of symbiotic associations between mycobiont and photobiont, lichens can produce distinct and unique metabolites. Moreover, lichens are occasionally subjected to protect themselves from harsh environmental conditions during the growth. Therefore, lichen metabolites are expected to have various biological activities including antineoplastic action, for which it should suppress more than one of characteristics of the tumor progression. Here, we reviewed anticancer activity of lichen metabolites with molecular mechanisms by exerting cytotoxicity through regulation of cell cycle or induction of cell death, and by modulation of immune activity, angiogenesis, or energy metabolism. Alongside with these points, research will be expanded to yet unexplored areas by targeting cancerspecific signaling pathways.