Schwann cell-axon interactions: The molecular and metabolic link between Schwann cells and axons

Abstract

Schwann cells and axons have close and complex interactions that determine Schwann cell behavior and fate and support or impair axonal integrity. The interactions are mediated by molecules that are responsible for physical junctions between Schwann cells and axons and also soluble mediators which are generated and bidirectionally transported in the interface. Multiple types of axonal signals are critical for regulating Schwann cell proliferation, differentiation, myelination, and myelin maintenance. At the same time, Schwann cells regulate axonal development and play essential roles for survival of axons. Current evidence suggests that the trophic support of Schwann cells is associated with modulation of axonal metabolism, which is involved in functional maintenance of axonal mitochondria. Further advancement in genetic techniques, transgenic models, and myelinating cultures will elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms of Schwann cell-axon interactions that could lead to new therapies of peripheral nervous system diseases.