Integration

Abstract

Integration is a core feature of transdisciplinary research. The challenge we address is that there has been no systematic development of integration concepts and methods. Historically, crossing boundaries between disciplines and between research and practice became a particular feature of 20th century research. Three cognitive objectives influenced this development - (1) the ideal of a unity of all sciences and other disciplines, (2) solving problems in basic research by innovation, and (3) responding to the knowledge demands of the knowledge society. We present key entry points for a more systematic discussion of integration methods. We develop a matrix with three basic types of collaboration - common group learning, deliberation among experts, and integration by a subgroup or individual - and four methods of integration - mutual understanding, theoretical concepts, models and products. After focusing 'inwards' on research methodology, we look 'outwards' at institutional support and constraints, and explore integration within and beyond science and integration across activities and across structures. Finally we explore the relationship between funding, capacity and demonstrated success, and argue that we are at a cross-roads which will determine whether this relationship becomes a vicious or virtuous cycle. We suggest that promoting a virtuous cycle requires the development of integrative methodology and a college of peers and outline steps towards this. © 2008 Springer Science + Business Media B.V.