Spinal hemorrhage in children: Extramedullary, extradural, and intramedullary

Abstract

Spinal hemorrhages are uncommon but serious conditions. They are rare and have different presentations, locations, etiologies, and outcomes in children when compared to adults. The clinical diagnosis may be diffi cult, as younger children generally have nonspecifi c presentations, characterized by crying, irritability, and torticollis. Neurological symptoms may be mild and appear late. Spinal hemorrhages are classifi ed as traumatic or nontraumatic. A causative factor is found in 61.8 % of spinal hematomas, and in 38.2 %, their etiology remains unknown, and thus they are categorized as spontaneous.