Macro- and microscopic leaf injury triggered by ozone stress in beech foliage (Fagus sylvatica L.)

Abstract

Key message: The diversity of structural injury underlying visible symptoms by ozone stress resulted from the succession of degenerative processes and programmed-cell death events, depending on the ozone uptake and varying on a year-to-year basis. Context: The effects of tropospheric ozone (O3) on the vegetation will remain a lasting concern during the twenty-first century, and deeper understanding of functional and structural responses to O3 in plant foliage in a changing environment is needed. Aims: Comprehensive analysis of the O3 injury spectrum, with a view to functional understanding of cellular processes in response to varying O3 doses. Methods: Characterization of macro- and microscopic symptoms in the sun crown foliage of adult trees exposed to ambient and twice ambient O3 levels in a Free Air O3 Enrichment (FACE) experiment using light and electron microscopy. Results: Visible injury triggered by O3 resulted from (i) degenerative processes of varying severity (photobleaching, accelerated cell senescence, ACS), (ii) programmed cell death with disruption of cell content (hypersensitive reaction–like, HR-like) and occasional leakage of cellular debris into the apoplast, (iii) overlapping degenerative and disruptive processes, primarily in the upper mesophyll and within organelles prone to oxidative stress (chloroplasts and mitochondria) and (iv) necrosis in lower mesophyll with leakage of cellular debris in the intracellular space. Conclusion: Especially the degenerative and disruptive traits showed contrasting structural features. In the case of stippling symptoms, the structural variability was particularly high, as a consequence of interactions between early degenerative and late disruptive processes. These findings thus confirmed the close dependency of processes—and a further spectrum of ozone injury—on rates of ozone uptake. Such relationships and development of injury, as observed in the case of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) foliage, are expected to be basically similar in other broadleaved tree species.