Iron toxicity in plants: A Review

Abstract

Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient for plant growth and development, but excessive iron uptake can cause iron toxicity, leading to damage to plant cell membranes, reduced growth, yield, and overall health. This review paper discusses the issue of iron toxicity in plants, a common problem that affects crops such as rice, soybean, wheat, vegetables and is a common issue in Southeast Asia, Brazil, Africa, Australia, and the United States.  Iron toxicity is more likely to occur in soils with high pH, high organic matter, or elevated levels of available iron. It discusses the various mechanisms that cause iron toxicity in plants, such as competition with other essential elements, oxidative stress, and changes in gene expression and phytohormones. The excess iron ions can cause damage to the root cells and the plasma membrane, leading to oxidative stress and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS can cause damage to cellular components, such as lipids, proteins, and DNA, leading to the death of root cells. Plants have specific mechanisms to take up iron, including transport proteins that are responsible for moving Fe2+ across the plasma membrane of root cells. Furthermore, it discusses the impact of iron toxicity on plant growth and development, including stunted growth, reduced root development, decreased water and nutrient uptake, and reduced photosynthetic activity.  Highlights the importance of proper management of iron levels in soils to prevent iron toxicity and promote healthy plant growth.