CD28 co-stimulatory signals induce IL-2 receptor expression on antigen-stimulated virgin T cells by an IL-2-independent mechanism

Abstract

Intravenous sensitization of C57BL/6 (B6) mice with class II H-2-disparate B6-C-H-2bm12 (bm12) resting B cells induced anti-bm12 CD4+ T cell tolerance as shown by hyporesponsiveness in the anti-bm12 mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). The present study investigated the mechanism(s) of the failure of bm12 B cells to stimulate the proliferation of B6 anti-bm12 CD4+ T cells. While stimulation in vitro of B6 splenic T cells with bm12 antigen-presenting cells (APC) induced IL-2 mRNA expression and IL-2 production, T cells stimulated with bm12 B cells expressed much less IL-2 mRNA and secreted very low but detectable levels of IL-2. Moreover, the T cells stimulated with the bm12 B cells did not proliferate and this was not corrected by the addition of rIL-2. These results suggest that T cells stimulated with bm12 B cells fail to generate IL-2 responsiveness. Further, whereas IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) α chain expression was significantly induced on B6 T cells stimulated with bm12 APC; stimulation with bm12 B cells did not induce IL-2R expression over background levels. However, virgin T cells stimulated with both bm12 B cells and anti-CD28 mAb proliferated and displayed a dramatic increase in IL-2 production as well as IL-2R expression to levels commensurate with those resulting from bm12 APC stimulation. IL-2R expression was induced by stimulation with bm12 APC or bm12 B cells plus anti-CD28 mAb even in the presence of sufficient amounts of anti-IL-2 mAb for neutralizing produced IL-2; while levels of IL-2R were significantly lower compared to those induced in the absence of anti-IL-2 mAb, increased frequencies of IL-2R+ cells were comparable. Conversely, IL-2R was not induced by bm12 B cell stimulation in the presence of IL-2. Moreover, IL-2R expression and proliferation induced by stimulation with bm12 APC was inhibited by CTLA-4-Ig, a soluble recombinant fusion protein capable of blocking the CD28 co-stimulatory pathway. Thus, these results indicate that the failure of resting B cells to induce full activation of alloreactive virgin T cells is due to ineffective CD28 co-stimulation and that the CD28 co-stimulatory signals not only stimulate IL-2 production but also induce IL-2R expression by an IL-2-independent mechanism.