IHG-2, a mesangial cell gene induced by high glucose, is human gremlin: Regulation by extracellular glucose concentration, cyclic mechanical strain, and transforming growth factor-β1

Abstract

We used cloning in silico coupled with polymerase chain reaction to demonstrate that IHG-2 is part of the 3'-untranslated region of gremlin, a member of the DAN family of secreted proteins that antagonize the bioactivities of members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily. Mesangial cell gremlin mRNA levels were induced by high glucose, cyclic mechanical strain, and TGF-β1 in vitro, and gremlin mRNA levels were elevated in the renal cortex of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in vivo. gremlin expression was observed in parallel with induction of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), a target for gremlin in models of cell differentiation. Together these data indicate that (a) IHG-2 is gremlin, (b) gremlin is expressed in diabetic nephropathy in vivo, (c) both glycemic and mechanical strain stimulate mesangial cell gremlin expression in vitro, (d) high glucose induces gremlin, in part, through TGFβ-mediated pathways, and (e) Gremlin is a potential endogenous antagonist of BMPs within a diabetic glomerular milieu.