Raman Spectroscopy in Graphene-Based Systems: Prototypes for Nanoscience and Nanometrology

Abstract

Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool to characterize the different types of sp 2 carbon nanostructures, including two-dimensional graphene, one-dimensional nanotubes, and the effect of disorder in their structures. This work discusses why sp 2 nanocarbons can be considered as prototype materials for the development of nanoscience and nanometrology. The sp 2 nanocarbon structures are quickly introduced, followed by a discussion on how this field evolved in the past decades. In sequence, their rather rich Raman spectra composed of many peaks induced by single- and multiple-resonance effects are introduced. The properties of the main Raman peaks are then described, including their dependence on both materials structure and external factors, like temperature, pressure, doping, and environmental effects. Recent applications that are pushing the technique limits, such as multitechnique approach and in situ nanomanipulation, are highlighted, ending with some challenges for new developments in this field.