Análise morfológica, imunofenotípica e molecular na identificação da leucemia megacariocítica aguda (LMA-M7)

Abstract

Acute megakaryocytic leukemia (AML-M7) is a rare subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which has recently been incorporated in the FAB (French-American-British) classification. It represents from 3 to 5% of AML cases, is frequently associated to myelofibrosis and is a subtype with poor prognosis. The diagnosis of AML-M7 is initially based on the morphologic characteristics of leukemic cells. Bone marrow aspirates or biopsy shows a population of pleomorphic and basophilic cells which may present cytoplasmatic blebs. Morphologic and cytochemical criteria are not enough for a correct diagnosis. It is necessary to differentiate acute megakaryocytic leukemia with other subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia mainly in cases in which blast cells are undifferentiated, as are the cases of AML-M0, AML-M1 and of acute lymphoid leukemia, subtypes L1 and L2. The use of immunopherotypic techniques is essential for a differential diagnosis showing a population of leukemia cells with the absence of most surface lymphoid and myeloid markers, yet relevant for the antigen of the megakaryocytic expression: CD41a (complex glycoproteic IIb/IIIa), CD42b (glycoprotein Ib) and/or CD61 (glycoprotein IIIa), there by providing the for correct classification in 98% of the cases. Chromosomal abnormalities identified by cytogenetic techniques and molecular analysis are important for determining the prognosis and definition of the therapheutic regime.