Alterations in γ-actin and tubulin-targeted drug resistance in childhood leukemia

Abstract

Background: Proteomic investigations have revealed alterations in cytoskeletal proteins expressed in human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells that are resistant to microtubule-disrupting agents. We characterized γ-actin expression in antimicrotubule drug-resistant leukemia and examined the effect of altered γ-actin in resistance of acute lymphoblastic leukemia to antimicrotubule agents. Methods: Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were used to identify actin proteins in human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines resistant to vinblastine (CCRF-CEM/ VLB100 cells) and desoxyepothilone B (CCRF-CEM/dEpoB140 cells). Fluorescence-based cycle sequencing was used to detect gene mutations. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to generate mutant γ-actin expression plasmids, which were used to transfect mouse NIH/3T3 cells. Clonogenic analysis was used for drug sensitivity studies. A small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to block γ-actin gene expression in human neuroblastoma SH-EP cells. Expression of γ-actin (normalized to that of β2>-microglobulin [β2>M]) in primary leukemia cells obtained from patients at diagnosis (n = 44) and relapse (n = 25) was examined using semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Statistical significance of changes in the ratio of γ-actin to β2>M expression between diagnosis and relapse samples was determined by two-sided unpaired Student's t tests. Results: We identified novel mutant forms of γ-actin and the concomitant loss of wild-type γ-actin in CCRF-CEM/VLB100 cells and CCRF-CEM/dEpoB140 cells. Mouse NIH/3T3 cells that expressed the mutant γ-actin proteins were more resistant to antimicrotubule agents than cells transfected with empty plasmid. Human neuroblastoma SH-EP cells transfected with γ-actin siRNA displayed higher relative resistance to paclitaxel (P M = 0.53) than in samples collected at diagnosis (n = 44; mean γ-actin/β2>M = 0.68; difference = 0.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.04 to 0.27, P = .01). Conclusions: These data provide functional and associative clinical evidence of a novel form of drug resistance that involves interactions between γ-actin and microtubules. © 2006 Oxford University Press.