Covalent trimers of the internal N-terminal trimeric coiled-coil of gp41 and antibodies directed against them are potent inhibitors of HIV envelope-mediated cell fusion

Abstract

We have engineered two soluble, covalently linked, trimeric polypeptides, N35CCG-N13 and N34CCG comprising only the internal trimeric coiled-coil of the ectodomain of HIV-1 gp41. Both trimers inhibit human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1) envelope (Env)-mediated cell fusion at nanomolar concentrations by targeting the exposed C-terminal region of the gp41 ectodomain in the prehairpin intermediate state. The IC50 values for N35CCG-N13 and N34CCG are ∼15 and ∼95 nM, respectively, in a quantitative vaccinia virus-based reporter gene assay for HIV-1 Env-mediated cell fusion using Env from the T cell tropic strain LAV. Polyclonal antibodies were raised against N35CCG-N13 and a tightly binding fraction of anti-N35CCG-N13 inhibits T cell and macrophage tropic HIV-1 Env-mediated cell fusion with respective IC50 values of ∼0.5 and ∼1.5 μg/ml at 37 °C. The tightly binding anti-N35CCG-N13 antibody fraction targets the exposed internal trimeric coiled-coil in the prehairpin intermediate state of gp41 in a manner analogous to peptides derived from the C region of the gp41 ectodomain. The potency of the tightly binding anti-N35CCG-N13 antibody fraction in the fusion assay is comparable with that of the broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody 2G12. These results indicate that N35CCG-N13 is a potential anti-HIV therapeutic agent and represents a suitable immunogen for the generation of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies targeted to the internal trimeric coiled-coil of gp41. The data on the tightly binding anti-N35CCG-N13 antibody fraction demonstrate that the internal trimeric coiled-coil of gp41 in the prehairpin intermediate state is accessible to antibodies and that access is not restricted by either antibody size or the presence of a kinetic barrier.