Layered heaps

Abstract

We introduce a framework for reducing the number of comparisons performed in the deletion and minimum deletion operations for priority queues. In particular, we give a priority queue with constant cost per insertion and minimum finding, and logarithmic cost with at most log n + O(log log n)1 comparisons per deletion and minimum deletion, improving over the bound of 2 log n + O(1) comparisons for the binomial queues and the pairing heaps. We also give a priority queue that supports, in addition to the above operations, the decrease-key operation. This latter priority queue achieves, in the amortized sense, constant cost per insertion, minimum finding and decrease-key operations, and logarithmic cost with at most 1.44 log n + O(log log n) comparisons per deletion and minimum deletion. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004.