On the synthesis and characterization of β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds coated with collagen or poly (D, L-lactic acid) for alveolar bone augmentation

Abstract

Objectives: After tooth loss, dimensional alterations on the alveolar bone ridge can occur that can negatively affect the placement of dental implants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the synthesis, and mechanical properties of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffolds coated with bioabsorbable polymers, namely, collagen and poly (D, L-lactic acid) (PDLLA). Materials and Methods: β-TCP powder was obtained by reactive milling and then characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). β-TCP scaffolds were obtained by replica method, in which polyurethane foams are immersed in β-TCP suspension and thereafter submitted to a thermal treatment to remove the polyurethane and sinter the ceramic. Type-I collagen or PDLLA were used to coat the β-TCP scaffolds by dip-coating method. Scaffolds were separated in four groups depending on the coating material: noncoated (Group A), double immersion in collagen (Group B), double immersion in PDLLA (Group C), and ten immersions in PDLLA (Group D). Samples were characterized by compressive tests and SEM/EDS. Data were statistically analyzed through two-way ANOVA (p = 0.05). Results: Chemical and microscopic analyses revealed proper morphology and chemical composition of powder particles and scaffolds with or without polymeric coatings. Scaffolds coated with PDLLA showed higher compressive strength (0.11 ± 0.054 MPa) than those of collagen (0.022 ± 0.012 MPa) or noncoated groups (0.024 ± 0.012 MPa). Conclusions: The coating method of β-TCP with PDLLA revealed a potential strategy to increase the mechanical strength of porous ceramic materials while collagen can enhance cell migration.