Conclusion

Abstract

In the last three decades, the political changes in Afghanistan were fundamental and unique. Fundamental, because the continuous and rapid changes in the area of government and leadership had affected the social, political, economic, and cultural lives of the people, massively and collectively. What made these political changes unique were their Afghani characteristics. These characteristics were rooted in the nature of a dynamic force that was created by the mutual engagement of the national ideology with its roots in the political, social, and cultural elements of Afghan society against those groups who desired to remove, relocate, or demonize it. In reality, this dynamic force was the outcome of a clash between those social, political, and cultural values that helped the people of Afghanistan form a nation and shape a history together and those political ideologies that had challenged those values. A clash with such gigantic magnitude created a dynamic force that shattered the nation of Afghanistan as a whole and changed the country’s destiny. The engagement of forces was not the aftermath of a peaceful and voluntary interaction of the members of Afghan society; rather, it was the outcome of a continuous chain of violence that erupted involuntarily. Events in Afghanistan intertwined with the regional and international forces that had created harmonic, as well as antagonistic political, social, economic, and military mobilization in the region.