Soil ecological pros and cons of nanomaterials: Impact on microorganisms and soil health

Abstract

Nanotechnology is a novel technology that is currently emerging and may soon be used in every branch of agriculture. In the area of agriculture, scientific production is evident, concentrating on nano-agrochemicals, from nanopesticides to nanofertilizers. There has been a great interest in the use of nanomaterials in crop production and crop protection-based agriculture. However, the existing research reveals that the mixed response from the nanoparticle exposure on plants, microbes and soil starts from enhanced crop yield to genetic alteration. The rapid development of nanotechnology in agriculture sector could lead to release of huge amount of engineered nanoparticles, which may cause adverse effects on soil environment. Assessing the safety of nano-mediated chemicals related to human and environmental health, as emerging contaminants, needs to be addressed. With this in mind, this chapter explores the interesting aspects related to use, benefits, and potential challenges with both positive and negative effects of added nanomaterials with respect to the microbial diversity and health of soil.