Diagnostic Workup and Outcome in Patients with Profound Hyponatremia

Abstract

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder. A proper diagnosis is important for its successful management, especially in profound hyponatremia. The European hyponatremia guidelines point at sodium and osmolality measurement in plasma and urine, and the clinical evaluation of volume status as the minimum diagnostic workup for the diagnosis of hyponatremia. We aimed to determine compliance with guidelines and to investigate possible associations with patient outcomes. In this retrospective study, we analysed the management of 263 patients hospitalised with profound hyponatremia at a Swiss teaching hospital between October 2019 and March 2021. We compared patients with a complete minimum diagnostic workup (D-Group) to patients without (N-Group). A minimum diagnostic workup was performed in 65.5% of patients and 13.7% did not receive any treatment for hyponatremia or an underlying cause. The twelve-month survival did not show statistically significant differences between the groups (HR 1.1, 95%-CI: 0.58–2.12, p-value 0.680). The chance of receiving treatment for hyponatremia was higher in the D-group vs. N-Group (91.9% vs. 75.8%, p-value < 0.001). A multivariate analysis showed significantly better survival for treated patients compared to not treated (HR 0.37, 95%-CI: 0.17–0.78, p-value 0.009). More efforts should be made to ensure treatment of profound hyponatremia in hospitalised patients.