What Is Evolution?

Abstract

If we are going to study the evolution of nervous systems and brain and its rela- tionship to the evolution of minds (if there is such an evolution), we have to say something about the principles of biological evolution. This, however, is not an easy task, because there is no unanimously accepted concept of evolution, let alone a concept of evolution of nervous systems and brains, as we will see. For the ‘‘classical’’ Neodarwinian concept of evolutionary biology, see Futuyma (2009).