Introduction

Abstract

Although the incidence of corruption varies among African countries, ranging from rare (Botswana) to widespread (Ghana) to systemic (Nigeria), the majority of the countries are in the range of widespread to systemic. Where it is rare, it is relatively easy to detect and control. But, at the other extreme, where it is systemic, the likelihood of detection and control is somewhat minimal as an incentive and further practices are put in place to perpetuate the system. In other words, institutions, rules, and norms of behaviour are adapted toward the ultimate goal of predatory gain (Gray and Kaufmann, 1998).