Sulfated polyanions inhibit invasion of erythrocytes by plasmodial merozoites and cytoadherence of endothelial cells to parasitized erythrocytes

Abstract

Sulfated proteoglycans have been shown to be involved in the binding of sporozoites of malaria parasites to hepatocytes. In this study, we have evaluated the effect of sulfated glycosaminoglycans on the invasion of erythrocytes by Plasmodium falciparum merozoites and cytoadherence of parasitized erythrocytes (PRBC) to endothelial cells. Invasion of erythrocytes by HB3EC-6 (an HB3 line selected for high binding to endothelial cells) was inhibited by dextran sulfate 500K, dextran sulfate 5K, sulfatides, fucoidan, and heparin but not by chondroitin sulfate A. With the exception of sulfatides, the invasion-inhibitory effect was not mediated by killing of parasites. Cytoadherence of HB3EC-6 to human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) and HB3C32-6 (an HB3 line selected for high binding to C32 melanoma cells) to C32 melanoma cells was also inhibited by these sulfated glycoconjugates. The highly sulfated dextran sulfate 500K had the highest inhibitory effect on both invasion and cytoadherence. Both unsulfated dextran 500K and hyaluronic acid had no significant effect on invasion or cytoadherence, whereas the positively charged protamine sulfate promoted cytoadherence. Because preincubation of PRBC with sulfated glycosaminoglycans and treatment of target cells with heparinase had no significant inhibition on cytoadherence, it is unlikely that sulfated glycoconjugates are used directly by endothelial cells as cytoadhesion receptors. In an in vivo experiment, we found that the administration of dextran sulfate 500K to CBA/Ca mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA reduced parasitemia and delayed the death associated with anemia. These observations suggest that sulfated polyanions inhibit the invasion of erythrocytes by merozoites and cytoadherence of PRBC to endothelial cells by increasing the negative repulsive charge and sterically interfering with the ligand-receptor interaction after binding to target cells.