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Abstract

It has been proposed that aquaculture represents the most viable option for meeting future demands for fish, as well as providing economic and nutritional benefits to millions [1]. The recent rapid expansion of this sector has, however, been accompanied by a range of environmental and social concerns, including localized nutrient enrichment or depletion, chemical pollution, genetic pollution, introduction of non-indigenous species, habitat destruction, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, depletion of wild fish stocks, inefficient energy and biotic resource usage, and spread/amplification of diseases and parasites [2, 3, 6–9]. Of these, local-scale interactions have traditionally attracted the most attention. However, global scale interactions such as greenhouse gas emissions associated with intensive production strategies are of increasing interest. What has become clear is that each production strategy is characterized by a unique suite of environmental interactions at local, regional, and global scales. Informed decision making for improved environmental manage- ment in aquaculture, therefore, requires tools, which can provide multi-criteria environmental performance assessments and make clear the environmental trade-offs associated with specific aquaculture technologies and products.