Thyroid hormone response element architecture affects corepressor release from thyroid hormone receptor dimers

Abstract

Thyroid hormone receptors are ligand-modulated transcription factors that can repress or activate transcription depending upon the absence or presence of thyroid hormone and the nature of the hormone response element to which the receptors are bound. The ability of thyroid hormone receptors to repress transcription in the absence of ligand is thought to be due to associations with nuclear hormone receptor corepressors. Ligand binding by the thyroid hormone receptor is believed to dissociate these corepressors and recruit coactivators to promote transcription from target promoters. We hypothesize that variations in response element architecture may influence both the association and dissociation of corepressors from DNA-bound thyroid hormone receptors. Using a chimeric corepressor, we find that ligand alone does not fully relieve corepressor-mediated repression, particularly in the presence of thyroid hormone receptor and its heterodimerization partner, the retinoid X receptor. Interestingly, the steroid receptor coactivator 1 together with ligand is able to mediate full release of corepression, but this relief is dependent upon the architecture of the response element to which the nuclear receptor dimer-corepressor complex is bound. These studies suggest that other cellular factors in addition to ligand may be required for the release of corepressors from thyroid hormone receptor dimers.