Diurnal variation of intraoral pH and temperature

Abstract

OBJECTIVE/AIMS: The aim of this study was to measure continuously the intraoral pH and temperature of healthy individuals to investigate their diurnal variations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventeen participants (mean age, 31 ± 9 years) wore a custom-made intraoral appliance fitted with a pH probe and thermocouple for two sets of 24 h, while carrying out normal daily activities including sleep. The continuous changes in intraoral pH and temperature were captured using a sensor placed on the palatal aspect of the upper central incisors. The collected data were categorised into different status (awake and sleep) and periods (morning, afternoon, evening and night). Both quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted. RESULTS: The intraoral pH change was found to show a distinctive daily rhythm, showing a 12-h interval between maximum (7.73) and minimum (6.6) pH values. The maximum and minimum values were found to repeat after 24 h. The mean pH over 48 h (two sets of 24 h) was found to be 7.27 (±0.74). There was significant difference found in pH when subjects were awake and asleep and different periods during the day (P o 0.001). The mean intraoral temperature was 33.99 °C (±4.9), with less distinctive daily rhythm compared with pH. There was a significant difference found in temperature depending on the time of the day, except between morning and afternoon (P = 0.78). CONCLUSION: Our results showed that there is a distinctive daily, circadian-like pattern in intraoral pH variation over a 24-h period, which has been considered as one of the risk factors in sleep-related dental diseases. BDJOPEN (2017) 3, 170015; doi:10.1038/bdjopen.2017.15; published online 30 June 2017 INTRODUCTION A key paper on circadian rhythms in saliva secretions was published by Dawes in 1972, 1 which investigated the relationship over a 24-h period between saliva flow rate, oral temperature and the hours (times) of a 24-h day. He found that stimulated and unstimulated saliva flow and oral temperature all showed significant circadian rhythms. In a follow-up study, Dawes 2