Continuous key agreement with reduced bandwidth

Abstract

Continuous Key Agreement (CKA) is a two-party procedure used by Double Ratchet protocols (e. g., Signal). This is a continuous and synchronous protocol that generates a fresh key for every sent/received message. It guarantees forward secrecy and post-compromise security. Alwen et al. have recently proposed a new KEM-based CKA construction where every message contains a ciphertext and a fresh public key. This can be made quantum-safe by deploying a quantum-safe KEM. They mention that the bandwidth can be reduced when using an ElGamal KEM (which is not quantum-safe). In this paper, we generalized their approach by defining a new primitive, namely Merged KEM (MKEM). This primitive merges the key generation and the encapsulation steps of a KEM. This is not possible for every KEM and we discuss cases where a KEM can be converted to an MKEM. One example is the quantum-safe proposal BIKE1, where the BIKE-MKEM saves 50% of the communication bandwidth, compared to the original construction. In addition, we offer the notion and two constructions for hybrid CKA.