NAD(P)H: Quinone oxidoreductase 1 deficiency and increased susceptibility to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene-induced carcinogenesis in mouse skin

Abstract

Background: The phase II enzyme NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) catalyzes quinone detoxification, protecting cells from redox cycling, oxidative stress, mutagenicity, and cytotoxicity induced by quinones and its precursors. We have used NQO1-/- C57BL/6 mice to show that NQO1 protects them from skin cancer induced by the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo[a]pyrene. Herein, we used NQO1-/- mice to investigate whether NQO1 also protects them against 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), where methyl substituents diminish primary quinone formation. Methods: Dorsal skin of NQO1-/- or wild-type C57BL/6 mice was shaved. When tested as a complete carcinogen, DMBA (500 or 750 μg in 100 μL of acetone) alone was applied to the shaved area. When tested as a tumor initiator, DMBA (200 or 400 nmol in 100 μL of acetone) was applied to the shaved area; 1 week later, twice-weekly applications of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-10 μg dissolved in 200 μL of acetone-to the same area began and were continued for 20 weeks. Tumor development was monitored in all mice (12-15 per group). All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: When DMBA (750 μg) was tested as a complete carcinogen, about 50% of the DMBA-treated NQO1-/- mice but no DMBA-treated wild-type mouse developed skin tumors. When DMBA (both concentrations) was used as a tumor initiator, NQO1-/- mice developed larger tumors at a greater frequency than their wild-type littermates. Twenty-three weeks after the first PMA treatment in the tumor initiator test, all 30 NQO1-/- mice given 400 nmol of DMBA had developed skin tumors, compared with 33% (10 of 30) of treated wild-type mice (P