The effects of active (hot-seat) versus observer roles during simulation-based training on stress levels and non-technical performance: a randomized trial

Abstract

Active ‘hands-on’ participation in the ‘hot-seat’ during immersive simulation-based training (SBT) induces stress for participants, which is believed to be necessary to improve performance. We hypothesized that observers of SBT can subsequently achieve an equivalent level of non-technical performance as ‘hot-seat’ participants despite experiencing lower stress.