Oral Hygiene, Aspiration, and Aspiration Pneumonia: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Strategies

Abstract

Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) is a very prevalent condition in patients with neurological disorders and in the elderly, and has been shown to play a key role in the pathophysiology of aspiration pneumonia (AP), a frequent and severe complication in patients with OD. The pathophysiology of AP includes three main elements: (1) OD with impaired safety of swallow, aspirations, and frequently, impaired cough reflex; (2) poor oral health and oropharyngeal colonization by respiratory pathogens; and (3) frailty with malnutrition and poor immunity. Respiratory infections and AP lead to readmissions and high mortality among patients at risk, and appropriate management is important to avoid these complications. We have developed a therapeutic intervention including early screening, assessment, and treatment of patients at risk of OD. Those with OD are further assessed and treated for nutritional deficiency, oral hygiene, and oral diseases. This will reduce complications and morbidity and mortality among these patients.