Women’s agency in Egypt: Construction and validation of a multidimensional scale in rural minya

Abstract

Background: Measurement of women’s agency in specific sociocultural conditions, particularly in Middle Eastern set-tings, has received limited attention, making its usefulness as an outcome or predictor of gender equality unclear. Aims: This study aimed to construct and validate a multidimensional and context-specific scale of women’s agency in rural Minya, Egypt. Methods: Using data from 608 ever-married women in 2012, confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis were used to construct a scale measuring women’s agency in rural Minya. The scale was validated through exploratory structural equation models. Results: The 21-item model consisted of three factors (decision-making, freedom of movement and gender role attitudes), each corresponding to a previously-theorized domain of women’s agency. The three factors were positively correlated, supporting women’s agency as a multidimensional, context-specific construct. The strongest correlation was between decision-making and freedom of movement (0.410), and then between freedom of movement and gender attitudes (0.307); the weakest correlation was between decision-making and gender attitudes (0.211). Although we hypothesized that each domain would be positively associated with age, only decision-making was significantly and positively associated with women’s age. Conclusion: Similarities between the items used here and a study at the national level in Egypt suggest these indicators could be used in various Egyptian settings to monitor progress on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5 on empowering women and girls, and to assess the effect of policies and programmes. Future research should build on the findings to identify the best observable indicators of women’s agency in Egypt and elsewhere.