Anthropocene, Technosphere, Biosphere, and the Contemporary Utopias

Abstract

Up to now, we have discussed some aspects of the history of human cultural evolution as regards human values and ideas, socio-economic and political movements, science, and technology. The resulting transformation in human societies and activities, in other words, in the human subsystem of the Earth system, has interfered with its biogeophysical subsystems and had a noticeable impact on them. Through an extensive and detailed range of observations, models, and reconstructions of the past, mainly since the end of the 19th century, science has made it possible to assess the characteristics, breadth, and intensity of local, regional, and global impacts on those subsystems.