Abamectin and Azadirachtin as Eco-friendly Promising Biorational Tools in Integrated Nematodes Management Programs

Abstract

Despite the usefulness of nematicidal compounds in agricultural practices, but it cause environmentally problems, which lead to seek about safe and alternative agents as tools to be used in the plant nematodes management programs. Abamectin is one of the suggested alternative biorational tool that belongs to avermectin group, which belong to macro cyclic lactones metabolites produced by a natural fermentation of the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis. Abamectin mixture contains more than 80% avermectin B1a and less than 20% avermectin B1b . Meanwhile, abamectin used as an insecticide, acaricide and nematicide on vegetables, fruits and field crops. On the other hand, neem oil is a vegetable oil pressed from the fruits and seeds of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica. The neem tree was recognized for its unique properties against insects, and in improving human health. It is grown in most tropical and sub-tropical areas. Its leaves, bark, and seed kernels extracts, or cake, can be utilized in phytonematodes management. Various components such as nimbin, nimbidin, azadirachtin, salannin, thionemon, and meliantriol occur in the seeds, leaves, and the bark of neem with high concentrations. The effect of neem against plant parasitic nematodes was noticed and recorded in many reports, as well as its insecticidal, fungicidal and bactericidal efficacy.