Lower insulin clearance is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes in Native Americans

Abstract

Aims/hypothesis: Impaired insulin clearance is implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, but prospective evidence remains limited. Therefore, we sought to identify factors associated with the metabolic clearance rate of insulin (MCRI) and to investigate whether lower MCRI is associated with increased risk of incident type 2 diabetes. Methods: From a longitudinal cohort, 570 adult Native Americans without diabetes living in the Southwestern United States were characterised at baseline and 448 participants were monitored over a median follow-up period of 7.9 years with 146 (32%) incident cases of diabetes identified (fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mmol/l, 2 h plasma glucose [2-h PG] ≥11.1 mmol/l, or clinical diagnosis). At baseline, participants underwent dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry or hydrodensitometry to assess body composition, a 75 g OGTT, an IVGTT to assess acute insulin response (AIR), and a hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamp to assess MCRI and insulin action (M). Results: In adjusted linear models, MCRI was inversely associated with body fat percentage (r = −0.35), fasting plasma insulin (r = −0.55) and AIR (r = −0.22), and positively associated with M (r = 0.17; all p < 0.0001). In multivariable Cox proportional hazard models, lower MCRI was associated with an increased risk of diabetes after adjustment for age, sex, heritage, body fat percentage, AIR, M, fasting plasma glucose, 2-h PG, and fasting plasma insulin (HR per one-SD difference in MCRI: 0.77; 95% CI 0.61, 0.98; p = 0.03). Conclusions/interpretation: Lower MCRI is associated with an unfavourable metabolic phenotype and is associated with incident type 2 diabetes independent of established risk factors. Clinical trial registration numbers:: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00339482; NCT00340132 Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]