Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Nucleocapsid Protein Inhibits Beta Interferon Production by Interacting with IRF3 To Block Its Activation

Abstract

Peste des petits ruminants is a highly contagious animal disease affecting small ruminants, which threatens both small livestock and endangered susceptible wildlife populations in many countries. The causative agent, peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), often causes acute immunosuppression in its natural hosts during infection. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate that N protein, the most abundant protein of PPRV, plays an extremely important role in suppression of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) function and type I interferon (IFN) production by interfering with the formation of the TBK1-IRF3 complex. This study explored a novel antagonistic mechanism of PPRV.Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is the etiological agent of peste des petits ruminants, causing acute immunosuppression in its natural hosts. However, the molecular mechanisms by which PPRV antagonizes the host immune responses have not been fully characterized. In particular, how PPRV suppresses the activation of the host RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) pathway has yet to be clarified. In this study, we demonstrated that PPRV infection significantly suppresses RLR pathway activation and type I interferon (IFN) production and identified PPRV N protein as an extremely important antagonistic viral factor that suppresses beta interferon (IFN-β) and IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression. A detailed analysis showed that PPRV N protein inhibited type I IFN production by targeting interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), a key molecule in the RLR pathway required for type I IFN induction. PPRV N protein interacted with IRF3 (but not with other components of the RLR pathway, including MDA5, RIG-I, VISA, TBK1, and MITA) and abrogated the phosphorylation of IRF3. As expected, PPRV N protein also considerably impaired the nuclear translocation of IRF3. The TBK1-IRF3 interaction was involved significantly in IRF3 phosphorylation, and we showed that PPRV N protein inhibits the association between TBK1 and IRF3, which in turn inhibits IRF3 phosphorylation. The amino acid region 106 to 210 of PPRV N protein was determined to be essential for suppressing the nuclear translocation of IRF3 and IFN-β production, and the 140 to 400 region of IRF3 was identified as the crucial region for the N-IRF3 interaction. Together, our findings demonstrate a new mechanism evolved by PPRV to inhibit type I IFN production and provide structural insights into the immunosuppression caused by PPRV. IMPORTANCE Peste des petits ruminants is a highly contagious animal disease affecting small ruminants, which threatens both small livestock and endangered susceptible wildlife populations in many countries. The causative agent, peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), often causes acute immunosuppression in its natural hosts during infection. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate that N protein, the most abundant protein of PPRV, plays an extremely important role in suppression of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) function and type I interferon (IFN) production by interfering with the formation of the TBK1-IRF3 complex. This study explored a novel antagonistic mechanism of PPRV.