Vomiting

Abstract

Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth, caused by humoral stimulation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CRTZ) or neural stimulation of the emetic center. The CRTZ is activated and controlled by neurotransmitter manipulation at the receptor level. Clinical signs preceding vomiting may include ptyalism, tachycardia, depression, hiding, and yawning. Gastritis, gastrointestinal ulceration, pancreatitis, motion sickness, uremia, chemotherapy, and drug administration are common initiating causes of vomiting. This article reviews the anatomic and physiologic aspects of the vomiting reflex and its neurotransmitters, associated receptors, and rational management.