Educational inequalities in metropolises: Territory, socioeconomic status, race, and gender

Abstract

This paper focuses on learning inequalities between social groups in metropolises. We could identify a persistent pattern throughout the city of São Paulo, according to which these groups perform better in the following order: white girls, brown girls, white boys, brown boys, black girls, and black boys. This order almost does not change within the districts. Nevertheless, there is a variation in this pattern of inequalities within the districts: within the most unequal ones, the racial disadvantages are more noticeable, affecting black girls and boys. On the other hand, in the most equitable districts, the black boys’ disadvantages persist while black girls have better performance, approaching the white and brown boys.