Unusual clinical features associated with congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 4 in a patient with a novel E211X CAVIN1 gene variant

Abstract

Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) is a rare disorder characterized by the lack of adipose tissue and metabolic complications with predominantly autosomal recessive inheritance. There are 6 different genes known to cause CGL with 4 main types recognized to date, which differ by the degree of fat loss, association with mental retardation and metabolic disorders, with CGL type 1 and 2 being the most common. Twenty seven cases of СGL type 4 from Japan, Oman, UK, Turkey, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, USA were reported previously. This report details our clinical experience with the first patient from Russia with CGL type 4. A 36-year-old patient, who has been suffering from generalized lipoatrophy since the first months of life and myopathy and gastrointestinal dysmotility since early childhood, developed dysmenorrhea and diabetes mellitus at the age of 19, bilateral cataracts when she was only 22 y.o., osteoporosis with vitamin D deficiency and hypocalcemia at the age of 28, diabetic foot syndrome and hyperuricemia when she was 35 y.o. Sequencing of lipodystrophy candidate genes detected a novel pathogenic homozygous variant p.631G < T: p.E211X in the CAVIN1 gene, confirming the diagnosis of CGL type 4. In comparison with previously reported patients with CGL type 4, our patient has diabetes mellitus, vitamin D deficiency, hypocalcemia, bilateral cataracts and hyperuricemia. All these manifestations are known to be associated with other lipodystrophy syndromes, but to our knowledge it is the first time they have been reported to be associated with CGL type 4.