Growth of a Pure and Single Phase Iron Sulfide (Pyrite) Thin Film by Electrochemical Deposition for Photovoltaic Applications

Abstract

Single phase iron pyrite (FeS2) films have been successfully deposited on ITO-coated glass substrates using a 3-electrode electrochemical system with graphite as the counter electrode and Ag/AgCl as the reference electrode. In this single-step electrodeposition, the FeS precursor thin film was directly electrodeposited on the conductive substrate from the electrolytic bath solution which contained FeSO4∙7H2O as an iron source, and Na2S2O3∙5H2O as a sulfur source. The deposition was carried out potentiostatically at a constant potential of −0.9 V vs. Ag/AgCl at room temperature. The growth of the iron pyrite phase was achieved by annealing the as-deposited at 500˚C for an hour in an ambient of sulfur to form the pyrite phase. For sulfurization, two different techniques, one using the Kipp’s apparatus and a second, which involved heating elemental sulfur at 200˚C, were used for the production of the sulfur gas. X-ray diffraction analyses of the sulfurized films showed that both sulfurization techniques appeared to form the pyrite phase, however, the second method yielded films with maximum crystalline order and stoichiometry with no discernable impurity peaks. Optical absorption measurements revealed the existence of a direct transition with an estimated band gap of 1.75 eV. SEM micrograph showed a compact morphology with a rough surface made up of crystallites of irregular shapes and sizes with well-defined edges, covering the entire substrate. EDAX analysis of the film was consistent with the formation of FeS2 pyrite thin films.