Green Adsorbents for Pollutant Removal: Innovative materials

Abstract

This is the second volume on adsorption using green adsorbents and is written by international contributors who are the leading experts in the adsorption field. Together with the first volume they show a typical selection of green materials used in wastewater treatment, with emphasis on industrial effluents. This second volume focuses on innovative materials. It presents hemp-based materials for metal removal, and the use of leaves for metal removal. It describes the biosorption of metals and metalloids on various materials and discusses the recent advances in cellulose-based adsorbents used in environmental purposes. Furthermore, activated carbons from food wastes, aerogels and bones, and municipal solid waste biochar as efficient materials for pollutant removal, respectively are reviewed as well as biosorption of dyes onto microbial biosorbents and the use of mushroom biomass to remove pollutants are looked at. The volume also includes detailed review of green adsorbents for removal of antibiotics, pesticides and endocrine disruptors and the use of pillared interlayered clays as innovative materials for pollutant removal. Finally, the use of green adsorbents for radioactive pollutant removal from natural water is discussed. The audience for this book includes students, environmentalists, engineers, water scientists, civil and industrial personnel who wish to specialize in adsorption technology. Academically, this book will be of use to students in chemical and environmental engineering who wish to learn about adsorption and its fundamentals. It has also been compiled for practicing engineers who wish to know about recent developments on adsorbent materials in order to promote further research toward improving and developing newer adsorbents and processes for the efficient removal of pollutants from industrial effluents. It is hoped that the book will serve as a readable and useful presentation not only for undergraduate and postgraduate students but also for the water scientists and engineers and as a convenient reference handbook in the form of numerous recent examples and appended information. Intro; Preface; Contents; Contributors; About the Editors; Chapter 1: Hemp-Based Materials for Metal Removal; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Hemp, an Interesting Raw Material; 1.2.1 Production; 1.2.2 Types of Hemp-Based Products and Applications; 1.3 A Novel Application of Hemp-Based Material for Removal of Metals: A Review of the Literature; 1.3.1 Biosorption, a Useful Decontamination Process for Contaminant Removal; 1.3.2 Hemp-Based Materials as Biosorbents; 1.3.3 Composite Materials; 1.3.4 Activated Carbons from Hemp; 1.4 Conclusion; References; Chapter 2: Biosorption of Metals and Metalloids. 2.1 Introduction2.1.1 Metals and Metalloids in the Environment; 2.1.2 Biosorption; 2.2 Biosorption for Green Chemistry Development; 2.3 Mechanisms Involved in Metal and Metalloids Biosorption; 2.3.1 Chemical Binding; 2.3.1.1 Complexation; 2.3.1.2 Coordination; 2.3.1.3 Chelation; 2.3.2 Ion Exchange; 2.3.3 Physisorption; 2.3.4 Micro-Precipitation; 2.3.5 Oxide-Reduction; 2.4 Biosorption Equilibrium, Thermodynamic, and Kinetics; 2.4.1 Conventional Equilibrium Models; 2.4.2 Statistical Physics Models; 2.4.3 Thermodynamic Parameters; 2.4.4 Reaction Kinetic Models. 2.4.5 Diffusional Mass Transfer Models2.5 Biosorbents Used for Heavy Metal Removal; 2.5.1 Bacteria; 2.5.2 Fungi; 2.5.2.1 Molds; 2.5.2.2 Mushrooms; 2.5.2.3 Yeast; 2.5.3 Algae; 2.5.4 Plant-Derivatives and Agricultural Wastes; 2.5.5 Chitin-Chitosan Based Materials; 2.6 Bio-Nano-Hybrids Materials; 2.7 Conclusions, Trends, and Perspectives; References; Chapter 3: Leaf Biosorbents for the Removal of Heavy Metals; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Raw leaves as Biosorbents; 3.2.1 General Comments for Raw Leaves as Biosorbents for Heavy Metal Removal; 3.2.2 Characterization of Raw Leaf Biosorbents. 3.2.3 Effect of Contact Time, pH and Temperature on Heavy Metal Removal by Raw Leaf Biosorbents3.2.4 Mechanism of Biosorption of Heavy Metals onto Raw Leaf Biosorbents; 3.2.5 Effect of Co-existing Ions on Heavy Metal Removal by Leaf Biosorbents; 3.2.6 Heavy Metal Removal by Leaf Biosorbents Using Column Studies; 3.3 Modified Leaf Biomass as Heavy Metal Biosorbents; 3.3.1 Methods of Leaf Biomass Pretreatment; 3.3.1.1 Acid Pretreatment; 3.3.1.2 Alkaline Pretreatment; 3.3.1.3 Pretreatment with Oxidizing Agent; 3.3.1.4 Metal Salts; 3.3.1.5 Pretreatment with Detergents/Organic Agents. 3.3.1.6 Alternative Reported Pretreatments3.3.2 General Results/Findings for Modified Leaf Biosorbents; 3.3.3 Reusability/Regeneration; 3.3.4 Characterization of Modified Leaf Biosorbents; 3.4 Adsorption Thermodynamics; 3.5 Conclusions; References; Chapter 4: Cellulose Based Green Adsorbents for Pollutant Removal from Wastewater; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Major Water Pollutants; 4.2.1 Heavy Metals; 4.2.2 Dyes; 4.3 Methods for Pollutant Removal; 4.3.1 Conventional Methods; 4.3.2 Adsorption; 4.3.2.1 Adsorption by Green Adsorbents; 4.3.2.2 Adsorption on Cellulose-Based Green Adsorbents.